Anti-fungal potential of ozone against some dermatophytes

ABSTRACT Dermatophytes are classified in three genera, Epidermophyton, Microsporum and Trichophyton. They have the capacity to invade keratinized tissue to produce a cutaneous infection known as dermatophytoses. This investigation was performed to study the effect of gaseous ozone and ozonized oil on three specific properties of six different dermatophytes. These properties included sporulation, mycelia leakage of sugar and nutrients and the activity of their hydrolytic enzymes. Generally, ozonized oil was found to be more efficacious than gaseous ozone. Microsporum gypseum and Microsporum canis were the most susceptible, while Trichophyton interdigitale and T. mentagrophytes were relatively resistant. The study revealed a steady decline in spore production of M. gypseum and M. canis on application of ozonated oil. An increase in leakage of electrolytes and sugar was noticed after treatment with ozonized oil in the case of M. gypseum, M. canis, T. interdigitale, T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum. The results also revealed loss in urease, amylase, alkaline phosphatase, lipase and keratinase enzyme producing capacity of the investigated fungi.

Starvation and refeeding in rats: effect on some parameters of energy metabolism and electrolytes and changes of hepatic tissue

Regarding the importance of starvation and refeeding and the occurrence of refeeding syndrome in various conditions, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of refeeding on some parameters of energy metabolism and electrolytes and changes of hepatic tissue in male Wistar rats. Fifty-seven rats were divided into six groups, having 6 to 11 rats. Food was provided ad-libitum until three months and then the first group was considered without starvation (day 0). Other rats were fasted for two weeks. Group 2 was applied to a group immediately after starvation (day 14). Groups 3 to 6 were refed in days 16 till 22, respectively. At the end of each period, blood and tissue samples were taken and histopathological and serum analysis, including serum electrolytes (calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium), the energy parameters (glucose, insulin, cortisol) and the liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) were determined. Insulin decreased by starvation and then showed an increasing trend compared to starvation period, which the highest amount of this parameter was observed eight days post-refeeding. Serum glucose level showed the opposite pattern of insulin. Histopathological examination of the tissue sections revealed clear vacuoles after starvation and refeeding, in which the severity of lesions gradually decreased during refeeding. The cortisol level decreased by starvation and then increased during refeeding. Also, potassium and phosphorus concentrations declined by refeeding and the serum sodium and potassium levels were changed in the relatively opposite manner. The calcium level decreased by starvation and then increased during refeeding. These results could help recognize and remedy the refeeding syndrome.(AU)

Factores asociados a hiponatremia adquirida en la comunidad / Factors associated with community-acquired hyponatremia

El desarrollo de la hiponatremia en la comunidad es un aspecto poco estudiado, y su frecuencia y los factoresque la condicionan son poco conocidos. Objetivos: Estudiar los factores clínicos y de laboratorio asociados a la hiponatremia de pacientes incidentes en el servicio de emergencia de un hospital general. Material y métodos: Estudio de casos y controles. Los casos fueron pacientes con Na+ sérico5 mg/dl. Se contrastaron las variables edad, sexo, sistemas comprometidos, gravedad del paciente y valor de loselectrolitos; gases arteriales; urea y creatinina. El tamaño de muestra fue de 20 casos y 40 controles (confianza 95%, potencia 80% y OR 4)...

The prevalence and associated factors for developing hyponatremia in the community have not been adequately studied. Objectives: To study the clinical and laboratory factors associated with hyponatremia in patients attending the emergency room of a general hospital. Methods: A case-control was carried out, cases were patients with serum sodium values below 135 mEq/l at the time of admission to the emergency room of Hospital Cayetano Heredia and controls were patients admitted at the same time as cases with serum sodium values from 135 y 145 mEq/l. Patients with serum creatinine values >5 mg/dl were excluded...

Nível de dependência e qualidade de vida da população idosa / Level of dependency and quality of life of elderly / Nivel de dependencia y calidad de vida de los ancianos

A qualidade de vida (QV) nos idosos é determinada em grande parte pelo seu estado funcional e condições de saúde. Com o objectivo de avaliar o nível de QV, os factores que a influenciam e identificar o grau de dependência dos idosos foi realizado um estudo observacional transversal do tipo exploratório-descritivo, englobando 93 idosos. Na recolha de dados utilizouse o índice de Barthel e MOS-SF 36. Na identificação dos níveis de dependência os resultados indicam-nos que 40,0% são independentes e 18,0% são dependentes mínimos, sendo 12,0% dependentes totais. No que diz respeito à QV 88,0% dos sujeitos refere uma pontuação inferior a 50,0%, em média reportam uma QV de 39±10,0%. Verificou-se que existe uma correlação positiva entre o grau de dependência e o índice de QV, sobretudo na componente física. Assim, importa promover um envelhecimento saudável procurando-se privilegiar a preservação da autonomia e capacidade funcional dos idosos.

The quality of life (QoL) in older adults is largely determined by their functional status and health conditions. With the purpose of investigate the QoL and the factors affecting it, and identify the degree of dependency of the elderly was carried out an observational cross-sectional exploratory and descriptive, involving 93 elderly. In collecting data we used the Barthel Index and MOS SF-36. In the identification of levels of dependency results indicate us that 40.0% are independent and 18.0% are dependents, minimum being 12.0% total-dependent. The results show us that, 88.0% of the subjects reported a score below 50.0% on average reported a QoL of 39±10.0%. Checking that are a positive correlation between the degree of dependence and the index of QoL, especially in the physical component. It is therefore important to promote healthy aging in an attempt to favor the preservation of autonomy and functional capacity of the elderly.

La calidad de vida (CV) en los adultos mayores es en gran parte determinado por su estado funcional y las condiciones de salud. Con el fin de evaluar el nivel de CV y los factores que influyen en ella y determinar el grado de dependencia de los ancianos se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional transversal, exploratorio y descriptivo, que involucró a 93 personas mayores. En la recopilación de datos se utilizó el Índice de Barthel y el MOS SF-36. En la identificación de los nivele de dependiencia los resultados nos indican que 40,0% son independientes, 18,0% são dependentes mínimos y 12,0% dependientes totales. En lo que respeicta a la CV, 88,0% de los sujetos reportaron una puntuación inferior a 50,0% en promedio reportó una CV de 39±10,0%. Tomando nota de que existe una correlación positiva entre el grado de dependencia y el índice de calidad de vida, especialmente en el componente físico. Por tanto, es importante promover un envejecimiento saludable, en un intento de favorecer la preservación de la autonomía y la capacidad funcional de los ancianos.

Efeito da associação de furosemida e fenilbutazona sobre variáveis hidroeletrolíticas de cavalos antes e após a corrida / The effect of furosemide and phenylbutazone association on the fluid and electrolyte characteristics of horses before and after a race

Verificaram-se os efeitos da associação de furosemida e fenilbutazona sobre variáveis hidroeletrolíticas de cavalos antes e após a corrida. Dezenove equinos foram distribuídos em três grupos, de acordo com os protocolos de tratamento. O primeiro grupo, de cinco animais, não recebeu medicação (grupo-controle); o segundo grupo, de sete animais, foi tratado com furosemida, na dose de 1mg/kg, por via intramuscular, até quatro horas antes do páreo; o terceiro, de sete animais, recebeu furosemida, por via intramuscular, e fenilbutazona, por via intravenosa, nas doses de 1,0 e 4,4mg/kg, respectivamente, até quatro horas antes da corrida. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas antes, imediatamente após e duas horas após o páreo, para avaliação da osmolalidade plasmática e das concentrações plasmáticas de sódio, potássio e cloreto. A utilização de furosemida e da associação furosemida e fenilbutazona até 4h antes dos páreos nas dosagens descritas alterou (P<0,05) a osmolalidade plasmática dos equinos, mas não alterou (P>0,05) as concentrações de sódio, potássio e cloreto. Os páreos alteraram de forma fisiológica a osmolalidade plasmática e a concentração sanguínea de K+ devido ao exercício de alta intensidade.

The objective of this study was to verify the effects of furosemide and phenylbutazone association on fluid and electrolyte balance characteristics of horses before and after a race. Nineteen horses were divided into three groups according to treatment protocols. The first group (five animals - control) was not medicated. A second group (seven animals) was treated with furosemide (1mg/kg, intramuscular up to four hours before the race). A third group (seven animals) received furosemide (1mg/kg) and phenylbutazone (4.4mg/kg), both intramuscular, up to four hours before race. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after and two hours after a race to evaluate the plasma osmolality and sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations. The use of furosemide and furosemide plus phenylbutazone up to four hours before the race altered (P<0.05) the plasma osmolality but did not change (P>0.05) the sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations. It was not possible to determine an antagonist effect of phenylbutazone on furosemide, based on fluid and electrolyte balance. Due to the high intensity exercise, the increase in plasma osmolality and potassium concentration was attributed to the race effect.

Cálcio, fósforo e proteína total no sangue de frangos de corte em função de níveis de balanço eletrolítico da ração / Calcium, phosphorus and total protein in blood of broiler according to levels of electrolytic balance in rations

Determinaram-se os melhores valores do balanço eletrolítico (BE) de dietas para frangos quanto aos teores de cálcio, fósforo e proteína total no sangue de frangos de corte aos 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 1728 aves de marca comercial, machos. As aves foram alimentadas com duas dietas basais, 20 ou 23 por cento de proteína bruta (PB), na fase inicial, e uma única ração basal, 20 por cento de PB, na fase de crescimento, combinadas com níveis de balanço eletrolítico de 0; 50; 100; 150; 200; 250; 300 e 350mEq/kg. Foi utilizado delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial, com seis repetições de 18 aves cada e 96 unidades experimentais. Foi escolhida uma ave em cada unidade experimental para a coleta de sangue. Foram avaliados os teores de cálcio, fósforo e proteínas totais no sangue dessas aves aos 42 dias de idade. Os melhores valores de BE estimados para o teor de proteína total no sangue foram de 101 e 131mEq/kg da dieta, para planos nutricionais de 20-20 por cento e 23-20 por cento de PB, respectivamente. Para os teores plasmáticos de cálcio e fósforo, não foram encontradas diferenças entre os níveis de BE estudados.

The best values of electrolytic balance (EB) in diets for blood levels of calcium, phosphorus and total protein for 42 days old broiler chickens was determined. 1728 Ross male chicks were used, which were fed with two basal diets with 20 or 23 percent of crude protein (CP) in the initial phase and one basal diet with 20 percent of CP during growing phase. They were combined with the following EB levels: 0; 50; 100; 150; 200; 250; 300 and 350mEq/kg. A completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of treatments was used with six repetitions of 18 birds and 96 experimental units. One bird was chosen from each experimental unit for blood collection. The content of calcium, phosphorus and total protein in the blood of these birds at 42 days of age was evaluated. The best values of EB for the nutritional plans of 20-20 percent and for 23-20 percent were 101 and 131mEq/kg of crude protein, respectively. Significant differences were not found among the EB studied for the serum concentrations of calcium and phosphorus levels.

Variação aniônica da dieta sobre características ósseas de frangos de corte: resistência à quebra, composição orgânica e mineral / Diet anionic variation in the broiler chick bone: breaking force resistance, organic and mineral composition

Avaliou-se a composição química e a resistência óssea do tibiotarso de frangos de corte aos 21 dias de idade. Foram determinados os percentuais ósseos de proteínas colagenosas (PC) e proteínas não colagenosas (PNC) e de cálcio, fósforo, potássio e sódio. Foram utilizados 650 pintinhos machos de marca comercial, alimentados com dietas à base de milho e farelo de soja. Foi utilizado delineamento em blocos ao acaso com cinco repetições e 26 aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram na suplementação da dieta basal com NH4Cl a fim de se obter cinco níveis -50; 0; 50; 100 e 150mEq/kg de balanço eletrolítico (BE). O nível de BE influenciou os teores de fósforo, potássio, sódio, PC e PNC, relação Ca:P e a resistência à quebra. A redução do balanço eletrolítico da dieta em nível inferior a 150mEq/kg influenciará negativamente a mineralização e a resistência óssea. A resistência à quebra do tibiotarso não está correlacionada com as concentrações dos minerais de forma individual, mas correlaciona-se negativamente com as concentrações de proteínas colagenosas e não colagenosas.

This study was carried out in order to evaluate the bone chemical composition and breaking force resistance of tibiotarsus birds at 21 days of age. The bone percentage of colagenous proteins (CP), non colagenous proteins (NCP) and minerals (calcium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium) was analyzed. A total of 650 commercial male broiler chicks were fed corn and soybean diets. A completely randomized block design with five replications of 26 birds per experimental unit was used. The treatments consisted of the basal ration supplemented with NH4Cl in order to obtain five levels (-50; 0; 50; 100 and 150mEq/kg) of electrolyte balance. The EB level affected the percentages of phosphorus, potassium and sodium, PC and PNC, Ca: P relation and breaking force resistance. The reduction of EB diets at levels below 150mEq/kg will affect negatively the mineralization and bone resistance. The breaking force of tibiotarsus is not correlated with the mineral concentration individually, but correlates negatively with the concentration of collagenous and non-collagenous proteins.

Nutrición parenteral: macronutrientes, electrolitos y vitaminas / Parenteral nutrition: macronutrients, electrolytes and vitamins

La indicación de la nutrición parenteral (NP) en niños, está sujeta a enfermedades complejas y/o alteraciones estructurales del tracto gastrointestinal. Su acceso venoso puede ser central o periférico. Existen 2 formas de preparación: la mezcla 2 en 1, que comprende los lípidos por separado y la 3 en 1, donde se encuentran todos los nutrimentos mezclados en la misma bolsa. El agua es el componente esencial e indispensable. La glucosa es la principal fuente de energía. Los aminoácidos cristalinos son la fuente de proteínas. Los lípidos contribuyen como fuente concentrada de energía. Los electrolitos, son agregados separadamente a la solución. El requerimiento de vitaminas parenterales aún no se conoce con exactitud.

The indication for parenteral nutrition (PN) in children, is subject to complex conditions and/or structural abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract. Its venous Access may be central or peripheral. There are 2 ways to prepare: mix 2 to 1, which includes separate lipids and 3 in 1, where all nutrients are mixed in the same bag. Water is the essential and indispensable. Glucose is the main source of energy. Crystalline amino acids are the source of protein. Lipids contribute as concentrated source of energy. Electrolytes are added separately to the solution. The requirement for parenteral vitamins are not yet understood.

Desempenho de frangos de corte alimentados com altos valores de balanço eletrolítico em região de clima quente / Performance of broilers fed high electrolyte balance diets in hot climate region

Determinaram-se os melhores valores de balanço eletrolítico (BE) para o desempenho de frangos de corte de um a sete, um a 14, um a 21 e um a 42 dias de idade. Utilizaram-se 720 pintos comerciais, machos, criados em galpão de alvenaria, em boxes cobertos com maravalha, alimentados com dieta basal composta por milho e farelo de soja combinada com valores de BE de 200; 250; 300; 350 e 400mEq/kg. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com seis repetições de 24 aves para cada uma das 30 unidades experimentais. Avaliaram-se o ganho de peso, o consumo da dieta e a conversão alimentar aos sete, 14, 21 e 42 dias de idade. O melhor BE estimado para o ganho de peso aos 21 e 42 dias foi de 270mEq/kg, estimado pelo modelo quadrático de regressão. Para as demais variáveis, não houve diferenças entre os BE. Recomenda-se um valor de BE entre 270 e 300mEq/kG para frangos de corte para as fases inicial e de crescimento em regiões de clima quente.

A trial was carried out to determine the best electrolyte balance value (EB) for broilers performance from 1 to 7, 1 to 14, 1 to 21 and 1 to 42 days of age. A total of 720 one-day-old chicks, males, were reared in the floor covered with shaving woods and fed corn-soybean base diets combined with 200; 250; 300; 350 e 400mEq/kg of EB. A completely randomized experimental design with six replicates of 24 chicks each and 36 experimental units was used. Weigh gain (WG), feed intake (FC) and feed efficiency (FE) were evaluated at 7, 14, 21 and 42 days of age. The best values of EB estimated for the WG at 21 and 42 days was 70mEq/kg, estimated by a quadratic regression model. No differences among treatments were observed for the other studied traits. The results suggested EB should be around 270 up to 300mEq/kg in high temperature regions, for broiler chicks in inicial and growth phases.

Analysis of nucleus activity in malpighian tubules of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) larvae by critical electrolyte concentration

Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) has cryptonephridial type Malphigian tubules (MT). This type of MT is characterized by the penetration of the distal part of the MT into the external walls of the rectum, which is usually lined with a perinephral membrane. The MT is divided into three differentiated regions: proximal, middle and distal. In this study, our objective was to compare the nuclear activities of each one of the three regions of the D. saccharalis MT by using a nuclear basophilic technique and critical electrolyte concentration with a toluidine blue stain at pH 4.0. This method allows differentiation of DNA/protein complexes in in situ and in vitro chromatin. MT chromatin structure in D. saccharalis is variable. Fifth instars have a more decondensed chromatin than fourth instars. The distal tubule region was the most decondensed region of the MT. Our data show an elevated genetic activity of the MT in the pre-metamorphosis period. The distal region of the MT has the highest observed activity, which may be associated with the re-absorption of useful components and the excretion of waste materials.

Serum urea, creatinine and electrolyte status in patients presenting with acute gastroenteritis.

The present study was undertaken to estimate the serum urea, creatinine and electrolyte status of patients presenting with acute gastroenteritis. Sixty patients who presented to Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching hospital from 15 June to 15 July 2005 with acute diarrhea with or without associated vomiting, causing dehydration severe enough to require hospital admission were investigated for serum urea, creatinine and electrolyte level. Out of 60 patients investigated, serum sodium and potassium level were available for 34 patients. Only one (2.9%) patients had sodium level below 135mEq/l, thirty two (94.11%) had sodium level between 135-146 mEq/l and one (2.9%) had sodium level above 146mEq/l. Similarly 9 (26.47%) patients had potassium level below 3.5mEq/l, 22 (64.70%) patients had potassium level between 3.5-5 mEq/l and 3 (8.82%) patients had level above 5 mEq/l. Serum urea and creatinine level were available for 47 patients. 36 (76.59%) patients had serum urea level between 15-45mg/dl and 11 (23.40%) patients had urea level above 45 mg/dl. 35 (74.46%) patients had serum creatinine level between 0.5-1.4 mg/dl and 12 (25.53%) had serum creatinine level above 1.4 mg/dl. In this study hypokalaemia was noticed more than hyponatremia and significant number of patients also showed increased level of serum urea and creatinine. Therefore, serum urea, creatinine and electrolytes should be closely monitored in patients with acute gastroenteritis.

Supplementary effect of carbohydrate-electrolyte drink on sports performance, lactate removal & cardiovascular response of athletes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Carbohydrate-electrolyte drink has a significant role on energy balance during exercise. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of oral carbohydrate-electrolyte supplementation on sports performance and cardiovascular status of the national level male athletes during exercise and recovery. METHODS: A total of 10 male athletes (age range: 20-25 yr) were selected. The experiment was performed in laboratory (25 degrees C and 60% relative humidity) in two phases; phase 1 - no supplementation, and phase 2 - a 5 g per cent carbohydrate-electrolyte drink was given orally during exercise and a 12.5 g per cent carbohydrate-electrolyte drink during recovery. Subjects performed an exercise test at 70 per cent of VO(2)max. Performance time, heart rate during exercise and recovery were noted, blood samples were collected during exercise and recovery for the analysis of glucose and lactate levels in both the phases. RESULTS: Significant improvements were noted in total endurance time, heart rate responses and blood lactate during exercise at 70 per cent VO(2)max after the supplementation of 5 g per cent carbohydrate-electrolyte drink. However, no significant changes were noted in blood glucose and peak lactate level irrespective of supplementation of carbohydrate-electrolyte drink. Significant improvement in cardiovascular responses, blood glucose and lactate removal were noted during recovery following a 12.5 g per cent carbohydrate-electrolyte drink. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION: Carbohydrate-electrolyte drink can increase endurance performance as well as enhance lactate removal and thereby delaying the onset of fatigue.

Efeitos de carboidratos e eletrólitos sobre a termorregulação e a potência anaeróbia medida após um exercício prolongado no calor / Effects of carbohydrates and electrolytes on thermoregulatory responses and anaerobic performance following a prolonged exercise in the heat

Carboidratos exógenos contribuem para a manutenção da glicose sanguínea e acredita-se que isto possa melhorar o desempenho anaeróbio após um exercício prolongado. Foram objetivos deste estudo comparar a potência máxima e o trabalho total de atletas, no teste anaeróbio de Wingate realizado após 90 min de exercício prolongado (EP), com e sem a ingestão de mistura eletrolítica carboidratada (MEC), bem como as respostas termorregulatórias ocorridas durante o EP. Sete homens (21,4 mais ou menos 4,2 anos; 65,46 mais ou menos 10,45 kg; 9,4 mais ou menos 1,8 de gordura e 60,38 mais ou menos 4,76 mLO2·kg-1·min-1) ingeriram água destilada e cápsulas gelatinosas contendo MEC ou placebo (PLA) a cada 15 min, enquanto realizavam o EP a 60

Effect of potassium channel modulators on toxicity of Cleistanthus collinus.

The study was conducted to determine the effects of boiled extract of Cleistanthus collinus on rats by observing ECG changes and electrolyte levels in serum and urine. Influence of minoxidil and glibenclamide on Cleistanthus collinus induced toxicity was determined. ED50 for arrhythmia, changes in contractility and heart rate were recorded using the isolated frog heart. Cleistanthus at low doses caused transient tachycardia and increase in contractility and at high dose caused arrhythmia and cardiac arrest in rat. LD50 was found to be 1690 mg/kg. Minoxidil potentiated cardiac toxicity, whereas glibenclamide did not produce any significant change. High concentration of potassium in Cleistanthus extract hindered comparison of its levels. There was excretion of sodium even in the presence of hyponatraemia. Cleistanthus at low dose caused transient tachycardia and increase in contractility and at high dose caused arrhythmia and cardiac arrest in isolated frog heart. ED50 for arrhythmia was found to be 1406 mg/kg. Acute toxicity was mainly due to depressive cardiac activity of Cleistanthus. It also caused renal failure. Potassium channel modulators did not have important role in acute cardiac toxicity treatment. Probably in chronic toxicity, electrolyte level changes are involved and potassium channel modulators might have a role.

Electrolyte disturbances due to ouabain sensitive sodium potassium pump in erythrocytes of children with sepsis.

The possible mechanism of hyponatraemia in septicaemic children was studied by measuring the intracellular red cell sodium in relation to ouabain sensitive Na(+)-K(+) pump by flame photometry. Hyponatraemia and hyperkalaemia were observed in most of the patients. There was a marked elevation in serum sodium levels and a significant reduction in serum potassium levels on recovery following therapy. The alteration in the distribution of electrolytes between plasma and erythrocytes resulted in significantly high levels of sodium and low levels of potassium within the erythrocytes of septicaemic patients which normalized on recovery. The ouabain sensitive sodium efflux rate and ouabain sensitive efflux rate constant were significantly decreased in the membranes of erythrocytes of septicaemic patients which also normalized on recovery. Our findings suggest that it is the intrinsic alterations in the transport capacity of Na(+)-K+ pump which could account for the rise in intracellular erythrocyte sodium and fall in intracellular potassium contents in septicaemic children.

Niveles de magnesio sérico en pacientes con síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica (SRIS) en UCI / Seric magnesium level in patients with sistemyc inflamatory answer syndrome (SRIS) in UCI

El síndrome de Respuesta Inflamatoria Sistémica (SRIS) caracteriza las manifestaciones clínicas de hipermetabolismo secundario a una noxa. Se ha descrito la hipomagnesemia como coadyuvante en las alteraciones del metabolismo celúlar en el SRIS. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo de 37 pacientes ingresados UCI con SRIS, a quienes se les determinó Mg, Na y K sérico. Se evidenció hipomagnesemia (Mg<1.9 mg por ciento) en el 73 por ciento de los pacientes. Llamó la atención que los pacientes con hipomagnesemia al momento de ingreso a UCI tuvieron una estancia más prolongada que aquellos con normomagnesemia con una media de 63.33 y 35.40 horas respectivamente. Nosotros concluimos que la hipomagnesemia es una alteración electrolitica muy frecuente en pacientes con SRIS, acompañada de hipocalemia en la mayoría de los casos

Complicaciones metabólicas encontradas en pacientes sometidos a derivación urinaria del tipo Indiana / Metabolic complications found in patients with Indiana-type urinary deviation

Se efectuó un estudio prospectivo, descriptivo, analítico y aleatorio de un total de 32 pacientes a quienes se les realizó derivación urinaria de tipo Indiana por diferentes trastornos patológicos, los más frecuentes cáncer vesical (37.5 por ciento) y mielomeningocele (21.8 por ciento), entre otras causas. En los 32 pacientes se determinaron las alteraciones metabólicas desde el punto de vista clínico y de laboratorio, así como por la presencia de litiasis e infección de vías urinarias. Entre los datos sobresalientes se encontraron hipocalcemia 42.5 por ciento), acidosis metabólica compensada (33.3 por ciento) y acidosis metabólica acompañada de hipercloremia en 20.8 por ciento de los casos. No se observó elevación de azoados en ningún paciente. Sólo en uno de ellos ocurrió litiasis en el reservorio urinario

Body electrolytes in bronchopulmonary dysplasia and the effects of diuretic therapy.

Body electrolytes and their regulatory hormones were studied in preterm infants who suffered from bronchopulmonary dysplasia under two groups: those who were not treated with diuretics (Group II), and those who were treated with diuretics (Group III). The values were compared with a group of matched healthy controls (Group I). Lower serum Na levels, a need of higher Na intake, and higher urinary Na concentrations and urinary specific gravity were found in Group II infants. FeNa was normal and the urinary flow rate was lower than the controls. These data suggest an inability of these infants to dilute urine. Group III infants who were treated with diuretics showed higher serum Na levels and lower urinary specific gravity than Group II infants. These values, as well as water and Na intake/output ratios, were all similar to the control values. Serum aldosterone level was highest in Group II but did not reach significance. Intracellular K concentration was not different between the groups indicating an optimum total body K balance. A significant negative correlation between serum Na and aldosterone levels was found in Group II infants, which was not noted in the controls. Significant correlations were also found between FeNa and plasma aldosterone level in the BPD groups, unlike the controls. The control group of infants showed significant positive correlation between Na balance and serum Na levels. Our results suggest that inability to dilute urine appropriately might be the reason for the BPD patients to retain body water. Water restriction and diuretic therapy therefore are reasonable therapeutic approaches in such cases.

The changes in electrolytes and acid-base balance after artificially induced acute diarrhea by laxatives

Following the acute diarrhea in patients (n = 24) overnight with commonly used laxatives for bowel preparation, the changes in electrolytes and acid-base balance in blood and urine were investigated. Though no alterations of serum sodium or potassium concentrations were noted, mild but significant reduction of mean values (+/- SEM) of plasma pH and HCO3 after diarrhea when compared to those before it developed (pH, from 7.42 +/- 0.01 to 7.39 +/- 0.01, p<0.01; HCO3, from 25.8 +/- 0.6 to 23.7 +/- 0.6 mEq/L, p<0.05). However, significant reduction of concentration in spot urine sodium from 150 +/- 12.3 to 93 +/- 14 mEq/g of crea. (p<0.01) and increase in spot urine potassium from 33 +/- 3.2 to 51 +/- 6.0 mEq/g of crea. (p<0.05) following diarrhea were seen with significant reduction of urine pH from 6.67 +/- 0.21 to 5.5 +/- 0.13 (p<0.001). Also, with this effective urinary acidification following diarrhea, a significant reduction of urinary anion gap as well as significant increment of spot urine ammonium was accompanied (anion gap, from 80.4 +/- 11.1 to 44 +/- 8.5 mEq/g of crea. p<0.001; ammonium, from 87 +/- 18.5 to 229 +/- 37 mg/g of crea. p<0.001) in addition to the significant inverse correlation between these changes in spot urine from basal levels in 24 study subjects (y = -1.13 x +61, r = 0.7, p<0.001). In conclusion, we observed that the acute diarrhea with laxatives used for bowel preparation caused a mild degree of metabolic acidosis with no changes in blood electrolytes.